@article{oai:nichibun.repo.nii.ac.jp:00000191,
 author = {NAGASHIMA, Yōichi},
 journal = {Japan review : journal of the International Research Center for Japanese Studies},
 month = {Jan},
 note = {Mori Ōgai (1862-1922), one of the most prominent authors and translators in Japan, translated four plays by Henrik Ibsen into Japanese : Brand (1866) in 1903, John Gabriel Borkman (1896) in 1909, Ghosts (1881) in 1911, and finally A Doll's House (1879) in 1913.  In Bokushi, Ōgai's translation of the second act of Brand, he wiped away the matters concerning Christianity in such a way that the essence of the original text was distorted and manipulated.  In his translation of John Gabriel Borkman Ōgai changed his translation strategy.  Although the central ideas  in the play were somewhat blurred, there was no distinct omission or manipulation in Ōgai's version.  His critical comments on the original play, however, were recast and placed outside the translated text, namely in his own novel Seinen (1910).  Translating Ghosts as Yūrei, Ōgai used the same translation strategy as in John Gabriel Borkman, but this time he narrowed the focus on the concept of 'ghosts'--'gengangere' in Norwegian, meaning 'something that comes back', which corresponded to his evoked interest in 'past' and 'history' in general.  My paper elaborates on his challenging way of 'cultural translation' with special reference to the transition from 'literary' to 'cultural' translation.},
 pages = {85--104},
 title = {From "Literary Translation" to "Cultural Translation" : Mori Ōgai and the Plays of Henrik Ibsen},
 volume = {24},
 year = {2012}
}