@article{oai:nichibun.repo.nii.ac.jp:00000243,
 author = {CULLEN, Louis},
 journal = {Nichibunken Japan review : Journal of the International Research Center for Japanese Studies},
 month = {Jan},
 note = {While the surviving Tokugawa demographic data have been brought togetherin a number of studies, notably in Sekiyama’s work published in1958, the sources themselves as an archival residuum?as opposed to theactual figures contained in them?have never been analysed systematically.Scholars have ascribed primacy, as a source, to Suijinroku, publishedin 1890 by Katsu Kaish?, who had served both as a bakufu and Meijigovernment official. In addition, historical population research has proceededon the assumption that Tokugawa secrecy policies were effectiveand resulted in a lack of circulation of information. For the han, someknowledge exists of how census returns to the shogunate were compiled.Processing by the shogunate is totally obscure. Apart from converting handata into kuni equivalents, no adjustments seem to have made by shogunalofficials to the han figures, which thus retain both the uncertainties associatedwith the raw returns and the original variations in coverage. Of thesurviving summary tables for individual census years over the signature ofan ?metsuke and a kanj? bugy?, a mere four can be regarded as competecopies. Moreover surviving returns are not official documents (or copiesby officials acting in an office capacity), but copies made privately, oftenfrom existing private copies. Copies usually relate to a single census, anda mere five or six examples incorporate data from more than one census.Time series of census data were unknown, and the long table of Osakapopulation constructed by a machi bugy? named Isshiki, who drew onregistration data, is unique.},
 pages = {129--180},
 title = {Tokugawa Population : The Archival Issues},
 volume = {18},
 year = {2006}
}