@article{oai:nichibun.repo.nii.ac.jp:00000250,
 author = {SOKOLSKY, Anne},
 journal = {Nichibunken Japan review : Journal of the International Research Center for Japanese Studies},
 month = {Jan},
 note = {Many literary critics consider Tamura Toshiko (1884?1945) to be the archetype of the Japanese New Woman writer, a Western-influenced literaryand cultural phenomenon at the turn of the twentieth century. Yet this“New Woman” label reflects only half of Tamura’s writing career. The other half, represented by works that drew on her experiences in North America,where she lived from 1918 to 1936, has been given scant attention in eitherJapanese or Western scholarship. Back in Japan from 1936 to 1938,before going to China for the remainder of her life, Tamura publishednine short stories and more than fifty essays in the leading journals of theday. The stories are about the racism Japanese immigrants had to endurein North America in an era of heightened anti-Asian sentiment, and abouther own reactions to the militarism she encountered upon her return toJapan. This article analyzes one of these stories. “Bubetsu” (Scorn) is about the plight of a young man and his girl friend, Japanese Americans growing up in Los Angeles. Disheartened by the racism they face in the United States in the early 1930s, they go to Japan to study its culture and to learn about their ethnic identity. In the United States, they are scorned for beingnon-white; in Japan, they are scorned for being too “white.” They have nowhere to safely call “home.” Using the theoretical framework of HomiBhabha’s “third space,” I examine how Tamura, by juxtaposing words suchas bunka (culture) and bunmei (civilization) with words such as anadoru(hate) and bubetsu (scorn), shows how uncivilized self-proclaimed civilizedpeople can be. By reversing and subverting the binaries of “Us” versus“Them”, both on racial and gender lines, Tamura reveals the false premisesand paradoxes upon which ideas of cultural supremacy, pure race, and nationalism are based and how they are used as rhetorical weapons of destruction to justify one group’s oppression of another.},
 pages = {121--148},
 title = {No Place to Call Home : Negotiating the “Third Space” for Returned JapaneseAmericans in Tamura Toshiko’s “Bubetsu” (Scorn)},
 volume = {17},
 year = {2005}
}