@article{oai:nichibun.repo.nii.ac.jp:00000307,
 author = {KINOSHITA, Futoshi},
 journal = {Nichibunken Japan review : bulletin of the International Research Center for Japanese Studies},
 month = {Jan},
 note = {Pre-industrial society is often characterized by its peridial mortality peaks due to war, famines, epidemic diseases, or a combination of these disasters. Mortality srises in the past are thought to have worked as a strong Malthusian positive check on population growth. In reality, however, the de,ographic feature of mortality crises has been poorly understood. Analyzing a historical document called shūmon aratame-chō of a small village in Northeastern Japan, this paper attempt to clarify some demographis features of Tokugawa mortality crises. This paper argues several points. First, at a village level, mortality crises broke out frequently, perhaps more frequently than previously thought. The great famines such as Kyōho, Temmei and Tempō, to which historians pay most attention, were only three of many mortality peaks. Second, mortality crises were more often associated with outbreaks of various epidemic diseases than with harvest failure. Third, there existed a considerable amount of regional variations in the severity of crises even in the same geographical area. This lacalized nature of crises makes it difficult to generalize the severity in one locality to other localities or to Japan as a whole. Fouth, the mortality structure of crisis tear significantly differed from that of normal year in terms of not only the magnitude of deaths but also in terms of the age distribution and the relationship between mortality levels and socio-economic status.},
 pages = {53--71},
 title = {Mortality Crises in the Tokugawa Period : A view from Shumon Aratame-Cho in Northeastern Japan},
 volume = {10},
 year = {1998}
}